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Planting cover crops at the end of the growing season is becoming more popular, even in small gardens. These plants have seeds that are easy to scatter, and they do the hard work of fixing nutrients in the soil and improving soil condition over the winter before spring planting. Here’s advice and our charts for planting cover crops by region.
What Are Cover Crops?
A cover crop is ready-to-sow seeds of fast-growing plants—often legumes or grasses—planted in late summer or fall into empty or fallow garden beds. Over the winter, these crops do the hard work of renewing your soil health, adding essential organic matter to the soil, which improves soil structure and builds soil fertility. The legumes also “fix” the nitrogen in the soil. This “green manure” provides a living mulch that protects soils from winter erosion.
Examples include: winter rye, hairy vetch, red clover, oats, buckwheat, forage rye, Italian ryegrass (sown by October), field beans, and forage pea (sown by November). Cover crops literally make a living “cover” to sustain soil life until spring planting.
Cover crops may be used in any size garden—from a 4’x4’ raised bed to a large farm or open field! They’re also a great choice for groundcover, lawn replacement, or adding to a wildflower meadow.
Image: Cover crops mix on raised garden beds. Credit: WSU.edu
Benefits of Cover Crops
Imagine this: While you and your garden rest over the winter, a garden helper is working hard to improve your soil. That’s the role of the cover crop!
Additional benefits of cover crops include:
Stopping erosion; keeping soil from blowing or washing away. When you remove plants, you remove nature’s way of protecting the landscape and its fertility.
Add valuable organic matter when dug into the ground, improving the soil for next year’s plants.
Increasing activity of earthworms and beneficial microorganisms
Decreasing compaction and improving water, root, and air penetration of soil
Providing habitat and food (nectar, pollen) for beneficial insects and late-season pollinators
Creating an aesthetic addition to your garden during winter dormancy
Some cover crops even smother weeds or exude chemicals into the soil that inhibit weed growth … meaning cleaner beds for sowing or planting in spring!
Some cover crops also attract and nourish pollinators, namely Balansa Clover, Berseem Clover, Yellow Sweet Clover, Sainfoin, Hairy Vetch, and alfalfa. They have small white, pink, purple, and gold flowers that bloom in early spring.
When Do You Plant Cover Crops?
Plant cover crops in the late summer or early fall (after harvest) in Canada and northern parts of the United States and any time after the harvest in the southern United States.
In most regions, it’s best to plant right after you make your last harvest. The cover crops need at least4 weeks before a fall frost to get established. Buckwheat can be planted earlier in areas that have already been harvested. In the spring, you pull, cut, or till the cover crops into the soil.
Image: Cover crop of buckwheat in a field. Credit: Pixabay.
Common Cover Crops
These four cover crops are among the most commonly available through garden centers and mail-order catalogs:
Red or crimson clover(Trifolium incarnatum) is sown in the late summer or fall and turned in the spring in Zones 6 and higher. Used as a summer legume in colder areas where it will usually be killed in winter. Allow it to flower, and the bees will love you.
Hairy Vetch(Vicia villosa) is a legume used as a cover crop to restore nitrogen to the soil for healthier plants. It grows in Zones 1 to 5 and can be planted in the spring or fall.
Cereal (winter) Rye(Secale cereale) is a grain and excellent winter field cover crop because it rapidly produces a ground cover that holds soil in place against the forces of wind and water. Rye’s deep roots help prevent compaction, and because its roots are quite extensive, winter rye also has a positive effect on soil tillage. Annual in Zones 3 to 11.
Oats are fast-growing, cool-season crops with fibrous roots that loosen tight soil. Both “feed” and “seed” oats are acceptable.
The choice of cover crop depends on the main benefit you are hoping to obtain from the cover crop.
Do you need to replenish nitrogen? Legumes (like clover, vetch, winter field beans, and soybeans) fix nitrogen, the essential nutrient most lacking in garden soils. Legumes work in harmony with the bacteria that live on their roots. These bacteria take nitrogen from the air and fix it in pink root nodules, adding nitrogen to the soil in a form that plants can absorb. Legumes are a great choice for sowing before nitrogen-hungry plants such as cabbages.
Is your soil tight or compacted? Oats, barley, or a cereal grain break up tight soil and improve tilth. Remember that their incorporation will make nitrogen in the soil temporarily unavailable to the succeeding crop unless extra nitrogen is added.
Do you want to suppress weeds? Phacelia does a great job of suppressing weeds and improving soil structure. The flowers attract bees and hoverflies, so consider allowing a small patch to flower.
Are you looking to attract beneficial insects? Buckwheat will enrich your soil and provide nectar for beneficial insects in spring as well as suppressing weeds.
For both nitrogen and organic matter, use a mixture of legumes and cereals. Towards that end, many cover crops sold in the market are mixed with at least one grass and one legume species. For example:
Hairy vetch (legume) and oats (non-legume)
Rye (grass) and crimson clover (legume)
Crimson Clover
Cover Crops for the Home Gardener
For most home gardeners, there are other things to take into consideration. Mainly, cover crops for home vegetable gardens should be easy to work into the soil in the spring.
Hairy vetch produces so much top growth that it’s very difficult to turn over without a strong mower. Hairy vetch and winter rye are better for field-scale production.
Perennial cover crops such as red clover (Trifolium pratense) are slow growing and are best used in orchards and vineyards.
For cool-season cover crops (planted in late summer/fall), annuals are the way to go. They die over the winter or naturally complete their life cycle by the next spring. Also, the home gardener should select crops that can be easily incorporated into the garden. Here are some good cool-season cover crops to explore:
Oats are a wonderful annual cover crop that prevents erosion and loosens tight soil.
Field peas, mustard, and barley are also good annual cover crops.
Berseem clover is a rapidly growing annual legume that will fix nitrogen in the soil.
Oilseed radish is a rapidly growing annual with large roots that alleviate deep compaction.
Mustard is quick-growing and produces lots of foliage that can be dug into the soil before winter to help improve its structure.
Cover Crops for Your Region
Of course, cover crops differ by gardening zone and region. Consult the charts below. (Click on either chart to see a larger, downloadable PDF version.)
How to Plant Cover Crops
Roughly dig the ground over, removing all weeds, particularly perennial ones, then gently firm down the soil with the back of a rake. Broadcast your seeds evenly across the soil surface. Rake them into the soil, tamp them down with the back of your rake, then water them.
Just scatter the seed over the area to be covered at a depth corresponding to the size of the seed. Large seeds should be covered with one-fourth to one-half inch of soil or compost. Small seeds can be left on the surface and lightly raked in. Apply a thin layer of loose straw to protect the area from wind and runoff from heavy rains.
You can also sow winter field beans in rows if you prefer. Prepare trenches about two inches deep, spaced eight inches apart. Plant the seeds four inches apart in the trenches, then cover them with soil.
The amount of seed to plant will vary with the species, but, in general, winter cover crops are seeded at a rate of 2 to 3 pounds per 1,000 square feet.
Note on Inoculating Legume Seeds: If you are planting legumes as nitrogen fixes, you also need to purchase “inoculant.” Use at a rate of at least 1 oz. per 10 lbs. of seed. To help the inoculant adhere to the seed, mix 9 parts hot water (non-chlorinated) with 1 part corn syrup (10% solution), let cool, and add a small amount of this solution to the seeds.
Fertilizing is generally not necessary, especially for established garden beds.
Digging in a Cover Crop
It’s worth leaving a few cover crop plants to flower to feed early beneficial insects, but dig most of your crop into the soil before it begins to flower. At this stage, the stems are still soft and will be easier to cut up and dig in, and quicker to rot down.
You can dig the stems and foliage into the soil, or simply cut them down and leave on the surface as a mulch. Lay cardboard over the top if you’re worried about weeds popping up. Dig cover crops in at least a month before sowing or planting.
As mentioned above, some members of the legume family of plants (for example, hairy vetch) actually facilitate the fixing of nitrogen into the soil, doing your fertilizing for you. Following tilling, the cover crop will decompose, and soil microbes will return nitrogen and other elements to the soil for the next crop. It is best to cut the cover crop in small pieces (i.e., shred) so it will break down faster. (For plants that have a large volume of top growth that tends to get tangled in the tiller tines, mow the tops first, then till under.)
Once the cover crop is shredded, it is important to till it into the soil as quickly as possible. If left exposed to the sun, the cover crop will lose nitrogen and carbon very rapidly. The breakdown process will take 2 to 3 weeks. It’s important to hold off on planting your main crops for at least two weeks after tilling for the benefits of nitrogen-fixing and organic matter to set in.
Catherine Boeckmann is the Executive Digital Editor of Almanac.com, the website companion of The Old Farmer's Almanac. She covers gardening, plants, pest control, soil composition, seasonal and moon c...
You never give anything for the central south, Gulf Coast area!!
Thanks
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DanielTue, 08/20/2024 - 15:39
Are there any cover crops that can be harvested for use in the kitchen? For example, some of the ones mentioned like oats, field peas, mustard, etc.
Or when they start growing is their purpose simply for cover, nitrogen, blocking weeds, erosion control, etc.?
The purpose of a cover crop is for something other than a harvestable crop. The benefits it will provide of renewing soil health, adding essential organic matter to the soil, which then improves soil structure and builds soil fertility, is why you would decide to plant a cover crop.
You plant a cover crop, often a fast-growing plant like legumes or grasses, in late summer or fall into empty or recently harvested garden beds.
Cover crops can help provide essential nutrients to your garden soil. Legumes, such as clover and peas, form a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobia bacteria. These bacteria take nitrogen from the air and convert it into a form that is usable for plants, a process called nitrogen fixation. In return, the bacteria live in the roots of the legumes. Once the legume cover crop dies, this nitrogen is released back into the soil for the following crop to use. Other cover crops, such as rye and oats, are known as scavengers. Their roots find nutrients within the soil that may be unreachable or unused by crops outside the growing season. When the cover crop dies, the nutrients are then released back into the soil where the following crop can access them. Scavengers take up more nutrients than they need for growth and in doing so prevent nutrients from getting lost through leaching and erosion.
When cover crops die, they decompose adding organic matter to the soil and releasing nitrogen, which is then slowly released to your plants. Organic matter also increases the soil’s ability to hold on to other essential nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and potassium. Soils with high organic matter often need less nitrogen fertilizer.
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Amanda GThu, 09/21/2023 - 21:04
Do you have any tips (or warnings) for planting cover crops in raise garden beds?
I grow a few veggie beds in zone 3 and would love to naturally amend my soil, while suppressing an ONSLAUGHT of dandelions.
Given your Zone 3 location, you should begin the process of planting your cover crops as soon as possible. You want to give them about 4 weeks time to get established before your first frost.
Since you will be using your beds for vegetables next spring, choose an annual that not only grows quickly, but will complete its life cycle by early next spring, allowing you to turn it over in time to prepare your beds for planting after the threat of frost has passed next spring.
Either choose from the list above in terms of what to plant or check with your local garden center or cooperative extension to see what grows well in your area and will provide the best benefit for your raised beds.
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Sejal Fri, 09/01/2023 - 11:18
I’m in Alberta. So what is the best cover crop for me and from where can I buy them. As in my town there is no farmers market or nursery?
Hi, Sejal. The best and most common cover cross for Alberta include clover, oats, vetch, and field peas. We would suggest contacting Agricultural Research Extension Council of Alberta (https://areca.ca/">ARECA) for information on where to obtain cover crops.
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StephanieTue, 10/25/2022 - 22:06
I'm establishing a new garden and amending the soil based on recommendations from my recent soil test before planting rye as a cover crop. However, I'm going to be doing raised growing rows (basically like raised bed rows only without the borders around them) and am wondering if I should add the soil and make the rows for the cover crop to be sown in first, or just plant the cover crop and then make the raised rows after the rye is gone in the spring? Any suggestions?
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SierraFri, 08/19/2022 - 08:24
The previous owner used cover crops in the gardens. I tried tilling them under but they keep coming back. How can I get rid of them? My crops have literally been choked out. I am looking at a broad spectrum herbicide. It is bad enough that I have to pay someone to come dig out the landscape fabric.
Careful about herbicide; it could persist in the soil and just end up killing future crops. Could you try to put black plastic sheets over the gardens in the spring? This can cook and stymie the growth of the cover crops.
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DeltaWed, 08/18/2021 - 08:20
After growing a cover crop, in spring, do you pull it up by it's roots or dig it under before planting the space with vegetables and flowers? Plenty of 'cover' plants/weeds/??? grow over any open soil very quickly so what makes a specific 'cover crop' necessary. Thank you.
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TimoSat, 11/19/2022 - 08:22
You’ll want the organic matter to mix with the soil as you intend on a rotation perhaps into your cash crop or harvest crop. Maybe a few volunteers will come up if you’ve allowed to go to seed but even these shouldn’t choke out your next crop. Worth mentioning is that cover crops also help to heal or balance soil. This requires much less fertilizer as those little microbes have been fully commissioned. Grow well.Eat well. Live well.
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Lea Ann NicholsMon, 08/16/2021 - 16:43
You didn't include Alaska in your U. S. regions for planting cover crops. Do you have any suggestions?
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RoxineWed, 09/09/2020 - 08:31
Where do we buy the cover crop seeds shown in this article?
Thank you,
Roxine
I have a question that I've been unable to get 'Search' to understand or answer. I'll expand on it here.
I reside in SE. OK. near the SW. AR. border. What would be the best Fall cover crops to sow that would be good for my largely clay soil and on which my few goats and various fowl can feed? Thanks.
We would recommend contacting your local https://www.almanac.com/content/cooperative-extension-ser...">Cooperative Extension Service. They will know more about your area and should be able to recommend a cover crop that best suits your soil and any other needs!
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Reily SierenWed, 09/13/2017 - 19:45
Hello, my question is what do you do if you want to plant more than one kind of cover crop? I want to use cover crops to prevent weeds growing, prevent the soil from eroding, and lastly, make the soil rich in nutrients.
Hi Reily, Many times, you can find seed packets that combine two types of cover crops (e.g, legumes for nitrogen and cereals for soil tilth). Or, you can plant multiple cover crops in one plot much the same as you would when planting one crop. Be careful of one outgrowing another, though. Find ones with similar or the same days to maturity. We hope this helps!
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Linda BarrTue, 09/13/2016 - 11:27
There needs to be a new region added to the planting guides - Rocky Mountain region. With our very hot, dry summers and very cold, dry winters and high altitudes, most of the advice and guides are only partially helpful. I would love professional advice from professionals familiar with our climate.
• The Rocky Mountain Farmers Union cites "Sow True Seed" company on one of its pages (https://www.rmfu.org/farm-supplies/), with a link. (Sow True's web pages are a little tricky; some links are "dead," such as "About" and the information—including a lot on cover crops—appears below the "boxes"; you'll understand when you see it.)
ª If you are in or near Montana, experts at the State University there did extensive study on cover crops and may be able to provide guidance; see the names/emails here (at the bottom): http://landresources.montana.edu/soilfertility/covercrops...
We looked into a number of sources about this and only one in Australia mentioned the use of cover crops—specifially, white clover, because it attracts insect predators. Buckwheat was also cited as an insectary. Perennial flowers also help to attract natural enemies. There were numerous other ideas for which we can not vouch with direct experience:
• You could try introducing a natural fungus/organic pesticide —Nosema locustae, available as “baits,” commercially called Nolo Bait and/or Semaspore Grasshopper Control—that grasshoppers eat and which causes them to become weak and eventually die. The fatal effectiveness is about 50%, with fewer hatches the year after you use. The percentage may vary with the amount used. Google the product names for more information.
• Some sources recommend tilling the soil (do not forget to do fence rows and borders) in autumn to bring overwintering eggs to the surface and repeating in spring.
• We have heard pro and con reactions to one source’s idea of using ordinary white all-purpose flour (not self-rising) to defeat grasshoppers. We have no hand’s on experience. It is said that when they feed on foliage that has been dusted with flour, their mouths gum up and they can not eat any more, become ill, and eventually die (no details on that timing). The process involves dusting plants in the morning of a heavy dew and no/little wind. Rinse the plants in two days with a light shower from a hose or the like. Repeat in a week, if necessary. Be aware that for some users the flour gummed up on their plants from rain or even the rinse.
• Finally, keep ducks or chickens. They love grasshoppers!
For the record, we also consulted a couple of coop extensions including yours in Michigan (as it happens, as of 2013 —the date of the post— grasshoppers were not a significant concern but see the links at the bottom of the page; if that's not enough, you could ask Michigan again). Click through:
i planted red clover in the spring... it did great, got much taller than i expected. Need to find out what to do with it now.... let it go through the winter or dig it in now?
Traditionally, red clover is cut twice a year when it is at 50% bloom or greater. With this harvest system farmers end up cutting too late to obtain maximum forage quality. More recently, farmers have been cutting red clover three times during the summer to get a higher quality forage. However, with a three-cut system, farmers are concerned that they may give up yield and persistence.
You never give anything for the central south, Gulf Coast area!! Thanks