If slippery slugs and slimy snails are stealing your seedlings, it’s time to think like a slug and get one step ahead of the slime trail! Find out which control methods work to get rid of slugs and snails—and which don’t! Plus, see a helpful video.
We will help you bring your slug woes under control as naturally as possible. Spoiler alert: That means there’s no room for slug pellets!
What Are Slugs and Snails?
Did you know that the average garden contains upwards of 15,000 slugs?! No wonder our plants get nibbled or even destroyed.
Slugs and snails are not insects; they are soft-bodied mollusks. Unlike seagoing mollusks, these landlubbers are equipped with a single lung. The main difference between slugs and snails is that the latter have an obvious shell, which is primarily made up of calcium carbonate.
Slugs and snails are hermaphroditic, with each individual having both male and female reproductive organs. As you would expect, their love life is complex. The common gray garden slug dances an elaborate, hour-long nuptial waltz before mating, while other species perform acrobatic movements while hanging suspended from threads of slime.
While slugs do try the patience of us gardeners, they’re not all bad. For example, the slugs found in compost heaps help with decomposition, speeding the process along. There are also lots of slugs that have no interest in your vegetables and prefer to eat things like algae instead. And then there’s their value as a food source for all manner of wildlife, from beetles to birds to frogs and toads. Like weeds, it’s not that slugs are intrinsically “bad”—we just don’t want them in certain places, such as around susceptible plants.
Most garden slugs and snails are gray, dull-orange, or dark brown and 1 to 3 inches long. They will hide in dark, damp places during the day.
Many people are prompted to ask, “Where do slugs come from?” This is because they seem to materialize out of nowhere! They are hard to spot in the soil due to their dark color, but also because they only feed at night and hide throughout the day. If you realize you have slug and snail damage but can’t find the culprits, you’re not alone.
Slugs and snails will leave a slimy secretion where they have been, so even if you can’t spot them, you’ll know they are there. Look for slime both on plants and surrounding soil. It is easiest to see the trails of slime first thing in the morning.
You can monitor slug and snail activity in your garden by digging holes that are four inches wide and six inches deep. Cover these holes with a flat board, and then check for slugs after three days. If you see many of them, these might be the sneaky pests that are eating your plants!
Slugs and snails lay their eggs in moist soil or compost. Their populations can grow rapidly in cool and moist conditions.
What Do Slugs Eat?
Slugs will feed on almost anything in the garden—look for holes and ragged edges on leaves and stems. The holes should have irregular shapes due to the slugs’ file-like mouthparts. Small seedlings can be consumed entirely. Slugs can digest tissues from most plants, but you might find them especially liking plants with broad, delicate leaves, like beans, lettuce, cabbage, bok choy, and tomatoes.
Gardening Products
Control and Prevention
Remove Hiding Places for Slugs and Snails
The first step towards a more manageable slug population is to remove hiding places from within and around your main growing areas.
Cut down long grass right around vegetable gardens. Through regular mowing, you’re removing these opportunities for slugs to lay low.
Remove debris lying about. Upturned pots, bits of wood, old sacks – they are all potential hiding places for our slippery slimesters.
Work within beds to remove any dead or dying leaves as well as, of course, any weeds. Removing all this excess vegetation to the compost heap keep things more open in our growing areas, improving airflow and discouraging the damp, shaded conditions slugs love.
Trap and Remove Slugs and Snails
Create the perfect slug and snail trap by laying boards, cabbage leaves, or pieces of cardboard on the bare soil around your plantings. Start by watering the ground if it’s dry, then place a plank of wood or similar over the surface. Check back the next morning, and you’re very likely to find slugs lurking beneath. Pick them off and return the plank to collect the next batch.
Citrus halves, like grapefruit skins, are very effective slug collectors because they create a cool, shady recess for our slugs to hang out in. Again, lay shells down at strategic locations—close to susceptible crops like salads or tender seedlings. For something longer-lasting, you can use half a coconut shell at each corner of your raised bed (after you’ve enjoyed the coconut flesh of course) which they like to crawl into.
Then, there are beer traps. Everyone knows about luring slugs to a drunken death by placing shallow dishes of beer around the garden. They can’t resist the stuff! Actually, any yeasty, sweet liquid will attract them, so keep the beer for yourself and make a gooey brew that the slugs will find delicious by mixing equal parts flour and water with a heaping spoonful of molasses, a sprinkling of cornmeal, and a teaspoon of yeast. Put this goop in shallow containers around the yard, and it will have much the same effect as beer without having to ask for ID.
Go On a Slug Hunt!
If you really want to make an impact, go out on the hunt for slugs when they’re most likely to be out and gorging on your plants: at night, particularly in warm, damp weather. You’ll need a bucket and a flashlight for this. Head out soon after dusk to begin your hunt. Relocate slugs to a less susceptible area, add them to your compost heap, or, to be sure, take them out to a nearby wooded area or something similar. Go on further slug hunts over the coming nights, and you’ll pick up the stragglers and should make an appreciable dent in the slug population.
If you want to dispatch of your slugs, you have numerous gruesome ways to do this—from drowning them in a bucket of water to squashing them. It depends on how squeamish you are! A more humane approach would be to drop the slugs into a container, cover and place in freezer for three hours; when frozen stiff, dump them on your compost pile. Or, simply relocate them!
Ready to think like a slug? Ben shows us how to make many of the control methods!
Slug Pellet Alternatives
We’ve moved on from using commercial slug pellets because of their impact on other animals and the environment; many are laden with chemicals that do a good job of killing slugs, but that may also harm animals higher up the food chain, too. In our enlightened times, we should look at alternatives.
One option is to apply microscopic nematodes onto slug-affected ground. The nematodes are first suspended in water then simply watered over soil that has warmed up enough following the winter months. The nematodes find their way into the slugs where they infect them with a deadly bacteria. It sounds grim, but these nematodes come with zero collateral damage, making them a very safe form of slug control.
Physical Barriers
There have been some studies showing that a barrier of diatomaceous earth (DE) can help. This is a naturally occurring, silica-based substance that can be crumbled into a fine powder. Slugs really don’t like crossing the moisture-sapping powder. Create a thick barrier of DE that’s at least 3 inches in width. Just make sure you buy “food grade” DE. This works best in dry weather; it will need to be replaced when it gets wet.
Studies have also shown that barriers made of copper, like copper tape, bands, screening, or foil, can repel slugs. When slugs or snails interact with the copper, it gives them something akin to an electric shock, so they avoid the material. This works best on a small scale, as surrounding an entire patch with enough copper material can quickly get unwieldy. Wrapping pots or planters in a band of copper that’s at least 1 inch wide is the most efficient way.
What Does NOT Work
Many solutions that have been tested simply are not very effective, including bark mulch, wood ash, coffee grounds, coarse sand, pine needles, eggshells (yes, eggshells!), sharp grit, and wool pellets. Every study has found them to be useless.
More Slug Control Tips
Some plants have been shown to do well despite being around slugs and snails. If you tend to see these pests and are having trouble getting rid of them, try planting astilbe, phlox, or mint to reduce damage.
Water plants in the morning if possible. This will give the soil surface time to dry out a bit before nightfall when the slugs come out.
Vulnerable crops such as leafy greens and salads can be started off in pots or plug trays away from the growing areas. By the time they are planted, the plants will be that much bigger, more robust, and better positioned to withstand attacks.
You can protect recent transplants with cloches or any barrier that physically keeps slugs out, such as bottomless plastic bottles popped over individual plants.
If you grow potatoes, dig them up as soon as they are ready because slugs love these tubers. Some varieties are also more tolerant of slugs than others.
Slugs and snails have many natural predators. If you have chickens or ducks, they will help by eating these pests and their eggs. Amphibians, such as frogs and toads, love to feast on slugs.
Garter snakes, turtles, and salamanders consider slugs delectable, so don’t freak out and run for the hoe next time you see a snake in your garden. Remember, the enemy of your enemy is your friend.
Companion planting is a great way to prevent pests. In order to keep slugs and snails away from more valuable plants, place plants that they love near your more-valuable plants as a trap, and then destroy the infested plants. Good traps for slugs include chervil, marigold, and thyme.
Catherine Boeckmann loves nature, stargazing, and gardening so it’s not surprising that she and The Old Farmer’s Almanac found each other. She leads digital content for the Almanac website, and is also a certified master gardener in the state of Indiana. Read More from Catherine Boeckmann
This is the 3rd year of these creatures torturing my garden. Mostly slugs for the past month. All in this piece is correct and helpful. I find that picking them is the most effective, as well as setting up pieces of cardboard to entice slugs. Also, the boards around my raised beds attrack slugs, so if I turn them over every day, especially after a rain, I find more. Takes a lot of time to check these 'traps'. Also, digging up big weeds around the border, I often find nests of slugs and snails. More to do!!
Why don't more gardeners know about ammonia for slug control? It does not simply deter slugs or send them elsewhere; it dissolves them. Ammonia is a component of fertilizer and doesn't harm soil or lawns (unless applied in concentrated amounts, such as dog pee in hot, dry weather). It's far cheaper than slug bait. I keep a diluted solution in a spray bottle and squirt a mist along all edges and borders in the yard, either in the cool early morning, or just before sunset. Any slug that catches the mist turns white and dies in moments. Just one trip about the yard will expose dozens, many less than one inch long. Repeating the process one or two more times will rid the yard and garden almost completely of slugs. It takes weeks for any survivors to repopulate.
Sometimes I sprinkle salt around the outer edges of my garden. Slugs won’t cross over salt. It kills them instantly The slugs bubble up and dissolve when salt is poured on them. Just remember not to get salt to close to plants. Although some salt in the soil is good
I use this full strength daily. In addition to melting slugs and snails, it keeps cats away! I spray around my plants and they love it (don't spray foilage or flowers).
Hah - Article says that egg shells (crushed) won't work ??? I had an invasion of slugs last year on my beautiful hostas surrounding my dogwood tree. Other plantings included marigolds and ageratum. I decided to try egg shells last fall ( lots of them that I collected ). I save all egg shells and put them into used coffee paper cups. This year my Patriot Hostas have never been so beautiful and not even my marigolds have been victimized as the slugs alternate food source. I had the small variety of both slugs and snails. Those egg shells are responsible for not only protection but also for their nutrient value. I have already started collecting more shells and will be using them all over my yard and garden areas. If you don't use that many eggs ask your neighbors and friends for their discards. You will love the results !!!