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Planting and Growing Borage: A Beautiful, Bee-Loving Herb with Big Benefits

Borage, also known as a starflower.

Botanical Name
Borago officinalis
Life Cycle
Annual
Toxicity
Toxic to Dogs and Cats
Sun Exposure
Full Sun
Partial Sun
Water Needs
Moderate
Height
1–3 feet
Spread
1–3 feet
Soil pH
Neutral
Alkaline
Bloom Time
Summer
Flower Color
Blue
Special Features
Disease-Resistant
Long Blooming
Attracts Butterflies
Attracts Pollinators
Deer-resistant
Rabbit-resistant
Resilience
Heat-Tolerant
Plant Type
Herbs
Written By: Andy Wilcox Master Gardener and Gardening Contributor
Almanac Guide to Herbs

Want a garden superstar that’s beautiful, edible, medicinal, and makes bees do a happy dance? Meet borage! With its dazzling blue star-shaped blooms and cucumber-scented leaves, this charming herb isn’t just a pretty face. It’s easy to grow, thrives in poor soil, self-seeds like a pro, and brings loads of life to your garden. In this guide, you’ll learn exactly how to grow borage—from planting and care tips to harvesting, companion planting, and beyond.

Borage, known botanically as Borago officinalis, is one of our top herbs for growing. While an annual, it readily self-seeds, appearing yearly like a perennial in your garden. This is not a finicky herb; it will grow in most gardens as long as the soil is well-draining. 

The herb will grow in Zones 3 to 10, blooming from early summer to the first fall frost. It is shrubby with branching stems and grows 1 to 3 feet tall and wide. Its distinctive and prolific blue star-shaped flowers with black stamens in the center are covered with prickly white hairs. The sturdy, hollow stems and leaves are also covered with white hairs. 

Other names for borage include bee bush and bee bread. It is a favorite plant of honeybees (with especially nutritious blue pollen), bumblebees, and small native bees, all of which aid pollination in the vegetable patch. At one time, beekeepers grew it to boost honey production. (Major source of nectar and pollen, it yields 200 pounds of honey per acre and 60-160 pounds of pollen!)

  • Excellent pollinator: You’ll see all sorts of native bees, beneficial insects, and butterflies. It’s one of the easiest pollinator-friendly flowers to grow! It attracts tiny parasitic braconid wasps, predatory nabid bugs, and hoverflies, which eat unwelcome garden pests. It is a host plant for lacewings that lay their eggs on it, and the smell is thought to repel tomato hornworms.
  • Companion planting: This herb is also a truly wonderful companion plant, especially for tomatoes, cabbage, strawberries, and squash. It helps reduce hornworm and cabbageworm damage.
  • Culinary herb: Borage is a versatile herb in the kitchen. When crushed, both the stems and the leaves give a cucumber scent and taste, and the flowers are also used as a garnish. Young leaves are a traditional ingredient in a Pimm’s Cup cocktail. Later in this article, you can find more culinary ideas.
  • Medicinal uses: The second part of the botanical name, officinalis, indicates that, historically, this plant was used for medicinal purposes. In 1597, the famous herbalist John Gerard even said that the syrup made from the flowers helps depression. This has been confirmed in modern times, as science has proven the active component of borage oil is an essential fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Advocates now recommend starflower oil for autoimmune disorders, arthritis, eczema, and premenstrual stress.

Planting

Where to Plant

Borage likes full sun but also does fine in light shade. While it loves a loamy site, it will grow quite well in drier sites with loose, well-draining soil. It’s not picky about pH. 

In the vegetable garden, plant borage in a sunny spot at opposite edges of a cucumber bed or near tomatoes, strawberries, and squash as a companion plant to keep away pests such as cabbage worms.

Honeybees love borage. If you’re planning to use borage in the kitchen, grow one borage plant for cooking and another two to four plants for tea or preserving.

If you’ve got the space, create a large patch of borage—the seeds can be bought in bulk quite affordably. The pure pollinator pandemonium is well worth the investment, and the flowers often last until well into fall, providing a source of pollen for honeybees when little else is blooming.

a borage plant with blue flowers, with a bee hovering.
Bees love borage! Credit: Tom Meaker

When to Plant Borage

Outdoor planting: Borage is best directly seeded outdoors after the last spring frost when the soil has warmed. Most gardeners’ planting dates will range between March and June, depending on where you live. See our frost calculator by zip code. (For hot-climate gardeners in Zones 9 and 10, try fall planting for winter and spring growth.)

Borage can tolerate light frost, but any more will be damaging. An even better gauge is soil temperature; pick up an inexpensive soil thermometer. Temps should be between 60° and 70°F (15° to 21°C) for good germination. 

Indoor seeding: Borage’s tap root doesn’t take well to transplanting, but if you must sow indoors, start 4 to 6 weeks before spring frost dates. This will allow your seedlings to establish strong roots before transplanting. 

For culinary harvesting or continued pollinator attraction, succession plant every 3 to 4 weeks throughout spring and into mid-summer. Remember to harden off seedlings before transplanting them into the garden.

How to Plant Borage

To direct seed borage: 

  • Prepare the seedbed by removing rocks, roots, and weeds.
  • Mix aged compost or organic matter about 12 inches down before planting. You can also plant in a container at least 12 inches deep.
  • Sow in rows, three or four seeds per foot, ¼ to ½ inch deep, and water well.
  • Then, thin seedlings from 18 to 24 inches apart once they are 4 to 6 inches tall. Space rows 18 to 24 inches apart, too.
  • For larger areas, borage can be broadcast across a freshly raked surface and covered with a layer of compost or soil.

To start borage indoors:

  • Sow seeds in soil blocks or prepared trays of well-moistened seed starting mix. Use deeper cells as borage develops a tap root.
  • Plant the seeds about ¼ to ½ inch deep.
  • If using cell trays, sow two seeds per cell. Once they have germinated, thin to one per cell if necessary and snip the extras.
  • Keep the seed starting mix slightly moist but not soggy.
  • Harden off and plant outside once the last frost has passed.
  • Transplant to a 12-inch spacing.
borage in the garden
Borage is a phenomenal companion plant in the garden. Credit: weha

Growing

Borage grows quickly and will not need much attention once past the seedling stage. 

  • Water regularly until established; no fertilizer is necessary.
  • It can be floppy in high winds, so interplant with more stout plants, or consider staking or netting.
  • Mulch to keep down weeds.
  • Borage will continue flowering for many weeks if the older flowers are trimmed off.
  • If the plant starts to look tired, it can be freshened with a haircut in midsummer. Prune back by half; this will encourage new, tender leaves for late summer harvest.
  • Healthy borage plants shed numerous black seeds, so expect to see volunteers for two years after growing. The more flowers you leave to mature, the more that will become seed pods and self-seed.
  • Self-sown seedlings are easy to dig and move, or you can pull and compost the ones you don’t want!

Harvesting

Once the flowers have opened, they can be harvested and used for their cucumber flavor as a garnish or addition to baked goods, drinks, and salads. Alternatively, you can freeze flowers in water using ice cube trays for later flavoring of cool summer drinks.

The leaves are also excellent but should be used fresh, as they don’t maintain flavor when dried. Older leaves can be a bit fuzzy, so choose young leaves for fresh eating.

Fantastic Free Mulch

Lastly, borage even dies well! It is a big annual plant that grows fast, looks superb, and then conveniently flops over as if preparing for the compost heap. It rots down quickly and is excellent when used for mulching around plants to preserve moisture and add nutrients to the soil.

As a member of the same family as comfrey and green alkanet (Boraginaceae), it has a deep tap root that mines well below those of most other plants, bringing up trace minerals and making it a wonderful addition to the compost heap.

Pests and Problems

Borage isn’t commonly bothered by pests and does well if the soil is freely drained. Close plant spacing can invite powdery mildew.

Many gardeners report borage works well to control tomato hornworm damage, attracting beneficial predatory insects that prey on hornworms.

Planting this near your strawberries can result in better pollination and fatter berries. 

Types

  • B. officinalis ‘Bianca’ is a compact variety with rare white flowers. It’s well suited for growing in containers on the deck or patio.
  • Common borage is the standard blue-flowered plant, and it can be used in flower beds or as part of a larger mix in a naturalized bed or meadow. It’s readily available both in packets and in bulk.
  • ‘B. officinalis Variegata’ is a less common (and more expensive) variety with splotched leaves. The blue flowers remain attractive to pollinators while the leaves provide a bit of unique coloring.

Wit and Wisdom

  • Pliny the Elder (in Roman times) believed borage to have healing properties and be an antidepressant, which has long been thought to give courage and comfort to the heart.
  • Borage was Homer’s nepenthe, an ingredient in herbal wine that brought forgetfulness. It is widely valued as an herb to make merry and give a sense of well-being.
  • Folklore states that if a woman slipped a bit of borage into a promising man’s drink, it would give him the courage to propose!
  • Young leaves are a traditional ingredient in a Pimm’s Cup cocktail.

Herbs
About The Author
Andy Wilcox

Andy Wilcox

Master Gardener and Gardening Contributor

Andy Wilcox is a freelance writer, flower farmer, and master gardener with over 25 years of experience in gardening, horticulture, and forestry. He is the co-owner of Stone’s Throw Flowers, a business...
Read More from Andy Wilcox

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Comments

<span>Kathy H</span> Sun, 06/28/2026 - 14:17
Interesting but ... "toxic to cats and dogs"?! How will that affect planting locations, self-seeding, etc. Thanks.
<span>Denise T</span> Sun, 06/28/2026 - 12:31
I grew borage many years ago. It does indeed self sow very easily. Surprisingly, the next year it came back in shades of white, pink and purple.
<span>None</span> Thu, 04/17/2025 - 21:50
Just for the record, the piece has this "Folk law states that if a woman slipped a bit of borage into a promising man’s drink," when, of course, it should be "Folklore states that if a woman slipped a bit of borage into a promising man’s drink". -- Autocomplete bites again.
<a title="View user profile." href="/author/editors">The Editors</a> Fri, 04/18/2025 - 09:19

Thank you! We appreciate it!